Buy Now, Pay Later products are now regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority, bringing a fast-growing checkout credit market under formal consumer credit oversight after years of concern about affordability, transparency, and consumer redress.
The new regime, which took effect on 15 July 2026, applies to Deferred Payment Credit agreements offered by third-party lenders, the category better known to shoppers as Buy Now, Pay Later. Providers must carry out affordability checks before offering credit, comply with FCA rules, and give consumers clearer information and stronger routes to complain when something goes wrong.
The change brings products offered by providers including Klarna, PayPal, and Clearpay closer to the protections available on other regulated credit products. The Treasury said consumers seeking refunds for faulty goods will have clearer, enforceable rights, while borrowers who fall into difficulty should be directed towards debt advice and support rather than immediately passed to debt collection.
Rachel Blake, Economic Secretary to the Treasury, said: “We made a clear promise to give consumers the protections they deserve and today we are delivering.”
The FCA’s guidance confirms that lenders entering into DPC agreements from 15 July must be authorised for relevant consumer credit activities or hold temporary permission under the DPC temporary permissions regime. The FCA said broking of DPC agreements is exempt, while agreements entered into before regulation day remain outside the new regime.
BNPL has become a routine feature of online retail, allowing shoppers to spread payments, often interest-free, at the point of checkout. Its growth has been strongest among younger and lower-income consumers, but usage has widened as large retailers and payment providers have embedded instalment options into ecommerce journeys.
The first operational test will fall at checkout. BNPL has been valued by retailers because it can increase basket size and reduce friction at the point of purchase. The new regime does not remove the product, but it changes the compliance perimeter around the moment credit is offered. Affordability checks, clearer disclosures, complaint pathways, and lender authorisation will all affect how credit is presented inside customer journeys.
The FCA has tried to preserve checkout speed while raising the standard of protection. If checks are quick and proportionate, established providers may benefit from stronger consumer trust and from weaker competitors exiting the market. If friction rises noticeably, retailers may need to rethink where BNPL sits alongside cards, open banking, PayPal, and other payment options.
Smaller lenders and specialist providers face a more difficult transition. Authorisation, compliance monitoring, complaints handling, affordability methodology, and operational resilience all carry cost. A market that grew partly because of its light regulatory burden may now concentrate around larger providers with stronger compliance infrastructure.
The regulation also touches the wider embedded finance market. Credit, insurance, subscriptions, warranties, and loyalty finance are increasingly built into customer journeys outside traditional financial services environments. Once financial decision-making is embedded in retail infrastructure, product design and conduct risk become inseparable.
Retailers will not be able to treat BNPL purely as a conversion tool. Merchants still need to understand how payment choices affect complaints, refunds, affordability concerns, data flows, and customer trust. The regulator’s focus may sit primarily with lenders, but checkout design and commercial incentives will remain important to consumer outcomes.
The change follows growing scrutiny of digital finance products sold to consumers who may not always recognise them as debt. BNPL can help households manage cash flow, particularly for larger purchases, but repeated small agreements across multiple providers can also make liabilities harder to track.
The FCA’s consumer materials emphasise that BNPL remains borrowing. That places more responsibility on providers to make the product clear, and more pressure on retailers to ensure credit is not used as a substitute for affordability.
